MORTALITY AND HUMAN EVOLUTION .

MORTALITY.

Mortality, the inevitable truth of life. When a person is  born, that time he starts to think about his death. The most terrifying at the same time interesting fact of life is mortality.

But the question is , WHY DO WE DIE ?

There may be many reasons for that such as diseases, malnutrition,accidents etc.

But WHY DO WE DIE when we are old?

The answer lies in the most complicated part of the cell  , THE CHROMOSOMES.

In all eukaryotes and mammals DNA is arranged into a structure called the CHROMOSOMES, capped by a structural component called TELOMERS. These are kinds of tape at  the end of a rope that  maintain its structural integrity. If a cell replicates for a number of times  these telomers becomes shorter because the cell can’t replicate the DNA to the very end of the strand.

Once the telomers reach at certain  “shortness”, it signals the cell to die…….. effectively limiting the numbers of time a cell can divide. It is generally believed that this also has some effect on lifespan. So this process results to the death of upper class i.e; tissue, organ, organ system and eventually death .

Some scientists also believe that ageing is due to the loss of connection between mitochondria and nucleus of the cell . This results to ageing and death.

But biological science is so vast that for every “why” there may not be a valid answer and still we believe in some hypothesis and rough calculations.

By Aditya Chhoker

11^th  science.

            21^ST centuary  - the medical era

Ours is a developing era, where we have witness thousands of discoveries changing our  life and living standard.

In 21^st century at Washington, some scientists  developed a new pocket sized syringe that could seal gun-shot wounds within just fifteen seconds. The syringe called XSTAT, developed by OREGON based      REVMEDX. It injects coated sponges into wounds.

This device could give survival and spare injured soldiers from additional pain by recovering wounds faster. The teams used ordinary sponges and cut them into 1cm circle. Then they  injected  the bits of sponges into an animal’s injury.

Researchers settled on a sponge made from wood pulp and coated with blood clotting. They added X-shaped markers that made each sponge visible on an X-ray image in order to ensure that no sponges are left inside the body creating enough pressure to stop heavy bleeding.

ANKIT  BHATTI

XI  SCIENCE

Human evolution

Humans have just four basic facial expressions which correspond to distinct universal emotions. DR. PAUL EKMAN first proposed  that there are six basic emotions which are universally recognized and easily interpreted through specific facial expressions, regardless of language or culture. Those were happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust.

Scientists at university of Glasgow, UK have reduced the list to four. They have deciding that fear and surprise can be combined because they both cause wide eyes, while anger and disgust compel to wrinkle our noses automatically in a similar way. The researchers have studied that different muscles in the face are involved in signaling emotions and time frame over which each muscle was activated.

Nitesh kataria

Xi science