Sulphosalicylic Acid Test

Procedure

Take 2 ml urine sample in a measuring cylinder from the urine sample bottle.
Take a test tube and pour the urine in the test tube.
Using a dropper, take some sulphosalicylic acid.
Add few drops of sulphosalicylic acid in the test tube containing urine. A whitish color appears in the solution.
Using a test tube holder, hold the test tube firmly and heat it gently upon a burner.
A whitish or cloudy turbid solution indicates the presence of albumin in the urine sample.

Pluck one fresh leaf of a four-o’clock plant.
Take two watch glasses and pour some distilled water into the both watch glasses.
Split the leaf from the four-o’clock plant obliquely.
Take the peel from the upper surface of the leaf using the forceps.
Place the peel into a watch glass containing water.
Take another peel from the lower surface of the leaf using the forceps.
Place the peel into the other watch glass containing water.
Using a dropper, take few drops of Safranin solution and put it into the two watch glasses.
Take two clean glass slides and place the leaf peel on the slides one by one, using a brush.
Take a blade and cut a small rectangle or square piece from each peel.
Take some glycerine using a dropper and put one drop of glycerine on both slides.
Take a cover slip and place it gently on the peel with the help of a needle.
Take the glass slide and place it under compound microscope.
Observe under the microscope.
Count the number of stomata in the peels of both upper and lower epidermis of the leaf appearing in the microscopic field.

The number of stomata is greater in the lower epidermis, and fewer are present in the upper epidermis of the leaf taken from a four-o’clock plant.

Take a few freshly plucked green spinach leaves.
Using scissors, cut the spinach leaves into small pieces and let them fall into the mortar.
Take a measuring cylinder that contains 5ml of acetone and pour it into the mortar.
Grind the spinach leaves using the mortar and pestle.
Place the extract into a watch glass using a spatula.
Take a strip of filter paper having a narrow notch at one end of the strip.
Take a pencil and a scale and draw a horizontal line with a pencil about 2-3 cm away from the tip of the notch.
Put a drop of the pigment extract in the middle of the line with the help of a capillary tube.
Allow the drop to dry and repeat till four or five drops are placed on the paper.
Take the chromatographic chamber and pour ether acetone solvent in it.
Fold one end of the filter paper strip and staple it.
Using a thread, hang the filter paper strip in the chromatographic chamber.
The loading spot should remain about 1 cm above the solvent level.
Leave the chromatographic chamber undisturbed for some time.
We can observe, as the solvent moves through the paper, it spreads the different pigments of the mixture to various distances.
When the solvent rises about 3/4th up the strip, remove the strip carefully and let it dry.

Test tube, test tube holder, urine sample, measuring cylinders, Benedict’s solution and burner.

Take 2 ml urine sample in a measuring cylinder from the urine sample bottle.
Take a test tube and pour the urine sample in it.
Take 5 ml Benedict’s reagent in a measuring cylinder.
Add Benedict’s reagent to the test tube that contains urine sample.
Using a test tube holder, hold the test tube firmly and heat it for 2 minutes on the burner.
Keep shaking the test tube while heating.
A yellow precipitate appears which indicates the presence of sugar in urine.
Depending upon the concentration of sugar in the urine, either green, yellow, or brick red precipitates are formed.

Test tube, test tube holder, urine sample, measuring cylinders, Fehling’s solution A, Fehling’s solution B and burner.

Take 2 ml urine sample in a measuring cylinder from the urine sample bottle.
Take a test tube and pour the urine sample in it.
Take 2 ml Fehling’s solution A in a measuring cylinder.
Add Fehling’s solution A to the test tube that contains urine sample.
Take 2 ml Fehling’s solution B in a measuring cylinder.
Add Fehling’s solution B to the test tube that contains urine sample.
Using a test tube holder, hold the test tube firmly and heat it gently for 2 minutes on the burner.
Keep shaking the test tube while heating.
A green precipitate appears which indicates the presence of traces of sugar in urine.
Depending upon the concentration of sugar in the urine, either green, yellow or brick red precipitates are formed.