BIOLOGY
(Code No. 044)
COURSE
STRUCTURE
CLASS XI
(2020 -21) (THEORY)
Time:3
Hours
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Max. Marks: 70
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Unit
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Title
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No. of Periods
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Marks
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I
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Diversity of Living Organisms
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27
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12
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II
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Structural Organization in Plants and Animals
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27
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12
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III
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Cell: Structure and Function
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26
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12
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IV
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Plant Physiology
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40
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17
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V
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Human Physiology
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40
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17
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Total
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160
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70
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Chapter-1: The Living World
What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification;
three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and
taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-
museums, zoological parks, herbaria, botanical gardens, keys for
identification.
Chapter-2: Biological Classification
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of
Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.
Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom
Salient features and classification of plants into
major groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae
(salient and distinguishing features and a few examples of each category);
Angiosperms - classification up to class, characteristic features and examples.
Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom
Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to
phyla level and chordates up to class level (salient features and
distinguishing features of a few examples of each category). (No live animals
or specimen should be displayed.)
Unit-II
Structural Organization in Animals and Plants
Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
Morphology and modifications: Morphology of
different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower,
fruit and seed. Description of families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae (to
be dealt along with the relevant experiments of the Practical Syllabus).
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Anatomy and functions of different tissues and
tissue systems in dicots and monocots. Secondary growth.
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals
Animal tissues; Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems
(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an
insect-cockroach (a brief account only).
Unit-III Cell: Structure and
Function
Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life,
structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and animal cell; cell
envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and function; endomembrane
system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria,
ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles
(ultrastructure and function); nucleus.
Chapter-9: Biomolecules
Chemical constituents of living cells:
biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acids; Enzymes- types, properties, enzyme action.
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell
cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance
Unit-IV Plant
Physiology
Chapter-11: Transport in Plants
Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to
cell transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water
relations, imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport
of water - Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure
and guttation; transpiration, opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and
translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food, phloem transport, mass
flow hypothesis.
Chapter-12: Mineral Nutrition
Essential minerals, macro- and micronutrients and
their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea of
hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism,
nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition;
site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea);
photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4
pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration -
glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system
(aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic
pathways; respiratory quotient.
Chapter-15: Plant - Growth and Development
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant
growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and
redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; growth
regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy;
vernalisation; photoperiodism.
Chapter-16: Digestion and Absorption
Alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of
digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion,
absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific
values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive
disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.
Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only);
Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in
humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration,
respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma, emphysema,
occupational respiratory disorders.
Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation
Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of
blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system -
Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG;
double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory
system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.
Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their
Elimination
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism,
uricotelism; human excretory system – structure and function; urine formation,
osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - angiotensin, atrial
natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in
excretion; disorders - uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis;
dialysis and artificial kidney, kidney transplant.
Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular;
skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system
and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal systems -
myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.
Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination
Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans -
central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system;
generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception;
sense organs; elementary structure and functions of eye and ear
Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus,
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism
of hormone action (elementary idea); role of hormones as messengers and
regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism,
acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's
disease.
Note: Diseases related to all the human physiological systems to be taught in
brief.
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