BIOLOGY
(Code No. 044)
COURSE
STRUCTURE
CLASS XI
(2020 -21) (THEORY)
Time:3
Hours
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Max. Marks: 70
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Unit
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Title
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No. of Periods
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Marks
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I
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Diversity of Living Organisms
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27
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12
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II
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Structural Organization in Plants and Animals
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27
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12
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III
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Cell: Structure and Function
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26
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12
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IV
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Plant Physiology
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40
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17
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V
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Human Physiology
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40
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17
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Total
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160
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70
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Unit-I
Diversity of Living Organisms
Chapter-1: The Living World
What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification;
three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics; concept of species and
taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-
museums, zoological parks, herbaria, botanical gardens, keys for
identification.
Chapter-2: Biological Classification
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of
Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.
Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom
Salient features and classification of plants into
major groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae
(salient and distinguishing features and a few examples of each category);
Angiosperms - classification up to class, characteristic features and examples.
Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom
Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to
phyla level and chordates up to class level (salient features and
distinguishing features of a few examples of each category). (No live animals
or specimen should be displayed.)
Unit-II
Structural Organization in Animals and Plants
Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
Morphology and modifications: Morphology of
different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower,
fruit and seed. Description of families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae (to
be dealt along with the relevant experiments of the Practical Syllabus).
Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Anatomy and functions of different tissues and
tissue systems in dicots and monocots. Secondary growth.
Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals
Animal tissues; Morphology, Anatomy and functions of different systems
(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an
insect-cockroach (a brief account only).
Unit-III Cell: Structure and
Function
Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life,
structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and animal cell; cell
envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and function; endomembrane
system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria,
ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles
(ultrastructure and function); nucleus.
Chapter-9: Biomolecules
Chemical constituents of living cells:
biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acids; Enzymes- types, properties, enzyme action.
Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell
cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance
Unit-IV Plant
Physiology
Chapter-11: Transport in Plants
Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to
cell transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water
relations, imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport
of water - Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure
and guttation; transpiration, opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and
translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food, phloem transport, mass
flow hypothesis.
Chapter-12: Mineral Nutrition
Essential minerals, macro- and micronutrients and
their role; deficiency symptoms; mineral toxicity; elementary idea of
hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism,
nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition;
site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea);
photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4
pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants
Exchange of gases; cellular respiration -
glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system
(aerobic); energy relations - number of ATP molecules generated; amphibolic
pathways; respiratory quotient.
Chapter-15: Plant - Growth and Development
Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant
growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and
redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell; growth
regulators - auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy;
vernalisation; photoperiodism.
Chapter-16: Digestion and Absorption
Alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of
digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion,
absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific
values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive
disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.
Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only);
Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in
humans - exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration,
respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma, emphysema,
occupational respiratory disorders.
Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation
Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of
blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system -
Structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG;
double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders of circulatory
system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.
Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their
Elimination
Modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism,
uricotelism; human excretory system – structure and function; urine formation,
osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - angiotensin, atrial
natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in
excretion; disorders - uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis;
dialysis and artificial kidney, kidney transplant.
Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement
Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular;
skeletal muscle, contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system
and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal systems -
myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.
Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination
Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans -
central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system;
generation and conduction of nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception;
sense organs; elementary structure and functions of eye and ear
Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus,
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; mechanism
of hormone action (elementary idea); role of hormones as messengers and
regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism,
acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's
disease.
Note: Diseases related to all the human physiological systems to be taught in
brief.
Living organism is formed of many types of inorganic as well as organic biomolecules. Inorganic compounds include water, minerals etc. and are always micro-biomolecules (small sized, low molecular weight, readily soluble in water and diffusible) while organic molecules may be micro (e.g. monosugars, amino acids etc.) or macrobiomolecules (large sized, high molecular weight, insoluble or slightly soluble and non-diffusible e.g., proteins, fats, nucleic acids, etc.). These both types of biomolecules play important roles in metabolism.
Alpha taxonomy- Only morphological characters are used for identification and classification of plants.
